Ballistics 35 remington

Average Gr: 229. Recoil: 2.64. Power Rank: 6.04 of 20. The .35 Whelen was designed in 1922 by Colonel Townsend Whelen and James Howe. The parent case is a .30-06 by expanding the neck to accept a .358 inch bullet. The ballistic performances based off four grain types of muzzle velocity are 2,963 ftps (180 gr), 2,798 (200 gr), 2,613 ft/s (225 gr ...

The 150 gr. Remington 35 caliber SP is designed for the 35 Remington Magnum round...so it will easily stand up to large game...unlike the handgun slugs. Because of the larger bore and the better expansion ratio of the 35 caliber...you lose less velocity, with every inch less of barrel. Meaning of course that the 20 inch 35 Remington barrels ...Product Overview Velocities of Federal Premium HammerDown loads are customized to produce superior ballistics and terminal performance through lever-action barrel lengths. The construction of the molecularly bonded hollow point bullets has also been adjusted for the best accuracy and expansion at those velocities. The geometry of each round’s case, bullet and cartridge ensures flawless ...Superb Ballistics: Offering a blazing muzzle velocity of 2300 fps and energy of 1762 ft/lbs, this .35 Rem cartridge promises consistent performance and optimal trajectory, time and again. Quality Assured: Each round is crafted using the finest brass, primers, and powder, ensuring a smooth cycling, reliable ignition, and uniform ballistic ...Some modern factory-loaded .35 Whelen ammo has slightly improved ballistics compared to the original loads from the 1920s. For instance, Hornady advertises a velocity of 2,910fps for their 200gr Superformance load. ... The Remington model 7600 in .35 whelen is the most versatile rifle an east coast hunter can own. Deer bear moose caribou don ...Jan 13, 2024 · An area where the .35 Whelen demonstrates an advantage over the .350 Remington Magnum is perceived recoil: Fired from a .35 Whelen in a 9 lb rifle, recoil lands in the 15-19 ft-lb range depending on load. A stout push but manageable. The .350 Rem Mag generates 20-24+ ft-lb of recoil energy in a similar-weight gun.

35 Remington Ballistics: The 200 grain 35 Remington Federal Power-SHOK reaches an average velocity of 2,080 FPS at the muzzle and over 1,900 FT/LBs of energy. At 100 yards energy drops to 1,200 with velocity dropping to 1,697. 35 Remington Ballistic Charts: This 35 Remington ballistic chart expands upon the above 200 grain Federal Power-SHOK ...The .35 Remington bullet has a balistic coefficient of 0.3 while .358 Winchester bullets have a ballistic coefficient of 0.282. Propellant Charge of .35 Remington and .358 Winchester cartridges Propellant charge is the charge of explosive used to propel a bullet from a gun.Get ratings and reviews for the top 11 pest companies in Fairmount, KS. Helping you find the best pest companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home All Projects Feat...MKM Partners analyst Conor Cunningham believes that the new year will be a key moment of transition for airlines as they seek to tu... MKM Partners analyst Conor Cun...A typical 35 Remington factory load (200gr bullet at 2,080fps) has about 5% more energy than a normal 30-30 factory load (170gr bullet at 2,200fps). The 35 Remington also uses a bullet about 18% heavier and with over 35% more frontal surface area (.1007 vs .0745 square inches).To check the potential of the .35 Remington, I test-fired three factory loads — Federal 200 RN, Hornady 200 FTX and Remington 200 Core-Lokt. In a 20″ barrel, these clocked out … Federal Premium HammerDown 35 Remington Ammo 220 Grain Bonded Jacketed Hollow Point. Product Family #: 1023350871. List Price: $65.99 - $659.90. Our Price:

To check the potential of the .35 Remington, I test-fired three factory loads — Federal 200 RN, Hornady 200 FTX and Remington 200 Core-Lokt. In a 20″ barrel, these clocked out at 2,070 fps, 2,038 fps and 1,994 fps, respectively, so it is easy to see the .35 Remington is not overly powerful.2453 posts · Joined 2004. #10 · Sep 22, 2005 (Edited) I believe the 35 Rem to be superior at all ranges. What we have to keep in mind is that 44 mag is a handgun round while the 35 Rem is a rifle round. And while most deer may be taken at less than 100 yards, there are times where the opportunity is a little further.Bullet Ballistics & Charts. This interactive bullet database is free and containst 173 caliber ballistics, history, stats, and their trajectories charted out in full detail. Speed and Energy are figured out using an average of all the known cartridges. This means that the speed and energy will vary from cartridge manufacturer to manufacturer.Jan 13, 2024 · An area where the .35 Whelen demonstrates an advantage over the .350 Remington Magnum is perceived recoil: Fired from a .35 Whelen in a 9 lb rifle, recoil lands in the 15-19 ft-lb range depending on load. A stout push but manageable. The .350 Rem Mag generates 20-24+ ft-lb of recoil energy in a similar-weight gun. Core-Lokt® is the original controlled expansion bullet. Its time-proven performance has made it hunting's first choice for over 75 years. The tapered copper jacket is locked to a solid lead core delivering massive 2X expansion, weight retention and consistent on-game results. Available in soft point and pointed soft point versions, and in a ...

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A typical 35 Remington factory load (200gr bullet at 2,080fps) has about 5% more energy than a normal 30-30 factory load (170gr bullet at 2,200fps). The 35 Remington also uses a bullet about 18% heavier and with over 35% more frontal surface area (.1007 vs .0745 square inches).BLCO: Get the latest Bausch + Lomb Corporation Registered Shs Reg S stock price and detailed information including BLCO news, historical charts and realtime prices. Indices Commodi...The length of a .35 Remington cartridge is 49mm millimeters. The .30-30 Winchester cartridge is longer than the .35 Remington cartridge by 2.8 millimeters..30-30 Winchester vs. .35 Remington Ballistic Coefficient. Ballistic coefficients are used to determine an object’s ability to overcome air resistance mid-flight.The .35 Remington cartridge was introduced in 1906. Interestingly, it didn't have a rifle chambered for it for 2 years until the Remington Model 8 semi-automatic rifle was chambered for the .35 Remington in 1908. This combination quickly established itself as a hard-hitting hunting team, and was featured in many of the Remington-Peters ...

Improved Military Rifle IMR 8208 XBR. Improved Military Rifle SR 4759. Winchester 748Unless you are the general partner of an oil and gas investment, which makes you personally liable for all debts regarding the investment and requires you to create and issue tax f...Federal Premium Power-Shok .35 Remington 200 grain Jacketed Soft Point Centerfire Rifle Ammunition. $ 48.99. .35 Remington Ammo, Rifle Ammo.Grain Weight: 220. Muzzle Velocity: 940. Bullet Style: Open Tip Flat Base. Ballistic Coefficient: .680. Package Quantity: 20. Usage: Target Shooting. Compare. Remington Subsonic is the result of a collaboration between AAC and Remington to deliver quiet ammunition designed to maximize the effectiveness of the silencer.The patented Flex Tip ® technology of the FTX ® and MonoFlex ® bullets provide higher ballistic coefficients and velocity increases of up to 250 fps over traditional flat point …Learn about the airline from the CEO and how to earn and redeem HawaiianMiles. Talking Points celebrated a couple anniversaries this week. On Wednesday, TPG's flagship podcast look...The .35 Remington bullet has a balistic coefficient of 0.3 while .358 Winchester bullets have a ballistic coefficient of 0.282. Propellant Charge of .35 Remington and .358 Winchester cartridges Propellant charge is the charge of explosive used to propel a bullet from a gun.Ballistic performance; Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy; 117 gr (8 g) RNSP: 2,127 ft/s (648 m/s) ... .25-35 Winchester, .30-30, and .32 Winchester Special. The .25 Remington case was shortened and necked down to .22 caliber to form Lysle Kilbourn's wildcat .22 Kilbourn Magnum Junior and the rimless version of Leslie Lindahl's wildcat .22 ...Dec 15, 2021 ... ... 35 Remington ballistics for deer and black bear and hogs. I also would have liked to have see it use .358 diameter bullets rather than .357 ...

Grain Weight: 220. Muzzle Velocity: 940. Bullet Style: Open Tip Flat Base. Ballistic Coefficient: .680. Package Quantity: 20. Usage: Target Shooting. Compare. Remington Subsonic is the result of a collaboration between AAC and Remington to deliver quiet ammunition designed to maximize the effectiveness of the silencer. Buffalo Bore Ammunition Heavy 35 Remington 220Gr SJFP Rifle Ammo - 20 Rounds. $74.99 ($3.75/round) Out of Stock. Ship To Store Ship To Home. Add To Cart. Compare. 1. But it would not be able to hit the US mainland or the bigger islands of Hawaii. For years, North Korea has been doggedly working toward fielding an intercontinental ballistic miss...These loads are very nearly on par with the sort of performance delivered by well regarded short range deer hunting cartridges like the .30-30 Winchester (150-grain bullet at 2,390fps for 1,903 ft-lbs of muzzle energy) and .35 Remington (200gr bullet at 2,080fps for 1,922 ft-lbs of muzzle energy). 450 Bushmaster vs 350 Legend vs 223 RemingtonTo check the potential of the .35 Remington, I test-fired three factory loads — Federal 200 RN, Hornady 200 FTX and Remington 200 Core-Lokt. In a 20″ barrel, these clocked out at 2,070 fps, 2,038 fps and 1,994 fps, respectively, so it is easy to see the .35 Remington is not overly powerful.The .223 Remington is a common United States cartridge having similar dimensions to the 5.56x45mm NATO, the difference being that the 5.56 has a greater psi. This round was designed and released in 1964 by Remington Arms, thus the name .223 Remington. The .223 has great external ballistics and very little drop allowing this round to be accurate ...Height: 1.912". Width: 0.473". Average FPS: 3787. Average Energy: 1624. Average Gr: 51. Recoil: 0.9. Power Rank: 1.93 of 20. The .22-250 Remington is what most people would call a varmint round and may also be called the 22 varminter. This cartridge has great hydrostatic shock potential, hydrostatic shock is akin to temporary cavitation.

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Standard bullet diameter for the .35 Remington is .358 inch. While bullet weights and velocities have varied during the past 116 years, Remington currently lists a 150-grain bullet at 2,300 feet per second (fps) or a 200-grain bullet at 2,080 fps. Federal Cartridge likewise lists a 200-grain bullet at 2,080 fps, but Winchester dropped the same ... Standard bullet diameter for the .35 Remington is .358 inch. While bullet weights and velocities have varied during the past 116 years, Remington currently lists a 150-grain …An area where the .35 Whelen demonstrates an advantage over the .350 Remington Magnum is perceived recoil: Fired from a .35 Whelen in a 9 lb rifle, recoil lands in the 15-19 ft-lb range depending on load. A stout push but manageable. The .350 Rem Mag generates 20-24+ ft-lb of recoil energy in a similar-weight gun.Both Remington and Winchester have long histories with rifle cartridges using .358-­inch bullets. Winchester’s goes back to 1903 with the .35 Win., and has included the .356 and .358 Win. The .360 Buckhammer is Remington’s fourth .358 cartridge. There was the .35 Rem. (1906), .350 Rem. Mag. (1965), and .35 Whelen (1988).Feb 3, 2024 · The original .35 Remington was a 200 grain .35 caliber that achieved around 2,100 feet per second. With over 1,900 foot-pounds of energy on target, this round was extremely impressive for what is provided in its day. The 35 Remington effective range is around 200 yards. So, when I learned about the Buckhammer and saw that it was essentially a slightly souped-up .35 Remington, I was pretty intrigued. A quick aside: You might wonder why the .30/30 is the parent case of the .360 Buckhammer as opposed to the .35 Remington, and the answer is that the .35 Rem. case is a touch shorter than the .30/30 …Contents Which is more powerful; the .30-30 or .35 Remington? Both the .30-30 Winchester and .35 Remington are popular lever-action cartridges, but when it comes to power, the .35 Remington has a slight advantage. ... the ballistics differ as the .35 Remington typically shoots larger and heavier bullets, resulting in higher muzzle …The .25 Remington, introduced in 1906, is simply Remington's rimless version of the .25-35 Winchester. Remington designed a line of rimless cartridges that duplicated the ballistics of the popular .25-35, .30-30, and .32 Special Winchester cartridges for use in their bolt action, pump, and autoloading rifles. Pumps and autoloaders that load via ...Bullet Style: Core-Lokt Soft Point. Ballistic Coefficient: .193. Package Quantity: 20. Usage: Big Game. Compare. More Results. Since 1939, more hunters have relied on Remington Core-Lokt® than any other big game ammunition, and rightly so. It's filled more tags on more continents than any other load. Core-Lokt® is the original controlled ...Velocity. As illustrated in the chart, .223 Remington rounds - on average - achieve a velocity of about 3150 feet per second (fps) while .25-06 Remington rounds travel at a velocity of 3120 fps. To put this into perspective, a Boeing 737 commercial airliner travels at a cruising speed of 600 mph, or 880 fps.Keppel REIT Real Estate Investment Trust will report earnings from the most recent quarter on July 20.Analysts expect Keppel REIT Real Estate Inve... Keppel REIT Real Estate Invest...Marketed for years as “The Deadliest Mushroom in the Woods,” these .35 Core-Lokts were loaded in the .35 Remington and .35 Whelen by Big Green. How the .360 Buckhammer is Different. Though … ….

The .35 Remington bullet has a balistic coefficient of 0.3 while .358 Winchester bullets have a ballistic coefficient of 0.282. Propellant Charge of .35 Remington and .358 Winchester cartridges Propellant charge is the charge of explosive used to propel a bullet from a gun.The cost of .35 Remington ammunition varies, but it is generally more expensive than smaller, more common calibers. Are there any specialty bullets designed specifically for .35 Remington? Yes, there are specialty bullets such as the LeverEvolution ammunition, which is designed to improve ballistics and terminal performance. The 350 Legend has about 8 Percent Less Energy than 35 Remington. The 350 Legend has about 1750 ft/lbs. of energy at the muzzle with a 180-grain bullet. The 35 Remington with a 200-grain bullet (all that’s available) has about 1900 ft/lbs. of energy at the muzzle. That’s 150 ft/lbs. less and around 8 percent difference. Learn about the airline from the CEO and how to earn and redeem HawaiianMiles. Talking Points celebrated a couple anniversaries this week. On Wednesday, TPG's flagship podcast look...35 SPFN Hot-Cor® Weight (grains) 220 Ballistic Coefficient 0.286 Sectional Density 0.245 COAL Tested 2.470" Speer Part No. 2439 Propellant Case Primer Weight (grains) Muzzle Velocity (feet/sec) Weight (grains) Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR Federal Federal 210 38.0 1920 41.2 C Alliant AR-Comp Federal Federal 210 30.2 1780 33.0 Accurate 2015 ...Dear Lifehacker,I want to set up some basic home automation tasks but I've never done anything like this before. How do I get started? For that matter, what kind of things can I do...When it comes to recoil, the 360 Buckhammer produces slightly less recoil than the 35 Remington even though it has more energy. However, once again, the difference will not be that is very small, and for the average shooter, the difference in recoil between these two cartridges won’t be noticeable. Overall the 360 Buckahmmer has a slight ...A straight wall cartridge 360 BHMR is a rimmed round designed for lever-action rifles. Buckhammer uses .358” diameter bullets, found in other cartridges like 35 Remington or 35 Whelen. Initial bullets offered in 360 Buckhammer include a 180-grain soft point Core-Lokt and a 200-grain soft point Core-Lokt. With muzzle velocities around …22 Hornet PRA22HNA 35 AccuTip-V 6 1/2 3100 2271 1591 1127 924 806 747 401 197 99 66 51 -1.5 zero -1.6 -5.5 -13 -25.5 -1.5 zero -3.5 -10.4 -22.3 -68.4 -155.3 0.109 R22HN1 45 Pointed Soft Point 6 1 / 2 2690 2042 1502 1128 948 840 723 417 225 127 90 70 0.0 zero -2.1 -7.1 -16.0 -30.0 1.4 zero -4.3 -12.4 -25.8 -74.2 -162.0 0.130 Ballistics 35 remington, The original .35 Remington was a 200 grain .35 caliber that achieved around 2,100 feet per second. With over 1,900 foot-pounds of energy on target, this round was extremely impressive for what is provided in its day. The 35 Remington effective range is around 200 yards., The 350 Legend has about 8 Percent Less Energy than 35 Remington. The 350 Legend has about 1750 ft/lbs. of energy at the muzzle with a 180-grain bullet. The 35 Remington with a 200-grain bullet (all that’s available) has about 1900 ft/lbs. of energy at the muzzle. That’s 150 ft/lbs. less and around 8 percent difference., May 17, 2018 · On Wednesday, May 23,1934, a posse of six men, led by former Texas Ranger Frank Hamer, ambushed and killed Bonnie Parker and Clyde Borrow. It is said Mr. Hamer used a Remington model 8 rifle chambered in .35 Remington in that ambush. Members of the posse later said they were all armed with rifles, shotguns and pistols. , Marketed for years as “The Deadliest Mushroom in the Woods,” these .35 Core-Lokts were loaded in the .35 Remington and .35 Whelen by Big Green. How the .360 Buckhammer is Different. Though the .350 Legend got a jump on the market, Remington is counting on two factors to give them traction with this introduction..360 Buckhammer Speed Advantage, , There’s nothing worse than needing that Remington pole saw to finish your job and then finding out it’s not working. Check out these tips to finding Remington pole saw parts, and g..., 35 Rem 200 gr FTX ® LEVERevolution ®. LEVERevolution ® represents a breakthrough in ammo design for lever action rifles and revolvers. The key to its innovation and performance is the patented elastomer Flex Tip ® technology of the FTX ® and MonoFlex ® bullets. Safe to use in tubular magazines, these bullets feature higher ballistic ..., The .35 Whelen is not the most popular of the .30-‘06s offspring, but it is a well-balanced .35 caliber cartridge; offering more velocity than the .35 Remington or .358 Winchester, yet much less recoil than the .358 Norma Magnum or .358 STA. The .350 Remington Magnum is just about the ballistic twin of the Whelen, but comes with case …, Velocity. As illustrated in the chart, .223 Remington rounds - on average - achieve a velocity of about 3150 feet per second (fps) while .25-06 Remington rounds travel at a velocity of 3120 fps. To put this into perspective, a Boeing 737 commercial airliner travels at a cruising speed of 600 mph, or 880 fps., The diameter of a .35 Remington cartridge is 0.358 inches (9.0932 millimeters). The .30-30 Winchester cartridge has a smaller diameter than the .35 Remington cartridge by 0.05 inches. The overall length of a cartridge determines how deep a bullet will sit in a case. The length of a .30-30 Winchester cartridge is 51.8mm millimeters., The .360 Buckhammer shoots a .358” diameter projectile in the 30-30 parent case, while the 30-30 shoots a .308” projectile from a .38-55 Winchester parent case. Let’s look at the Remington Core-Lokt first. The Core-Lokt 30-30 Win 150-grain bullet has 2,390 fps of muzzle velocity and 1902 ft-lbs of energy. The effective range of this ... , The latest iPhone and iPod touch are nearly identical devices, ignoring the pesky reality that the latter isn't a phone. We can fix that. Here's how to turn your iPod touch into a ..., The .35 Remington bullet has a balistic coefficient of 0.3 while .35 Whelen bullets have a ballistic coefficient of 0.282. Propellant Charge of .35 Remington and .35 Whelen cartridges Propellant charge is the charge of explosive used to propel a bullet from a gun., , The length of a .350 Remington Magnum cartridge is 55.12mm millimeters. The .35 Whelen cartridge is longer than the .350 Remington Magnum cartridge by 7.88 millimeters..35 Whelen vs. .350 Remington Magnum Ballistic Coefficient. Ballistic coefficients are used to determine an object’s ability to overcome air resistance mid-flight., Core-Lokt 35 Rem 150 Grain. Part # 21491. Grain Weight: 150. Muzzle Velocity: 2300. 5.0 (1) $64.99. Available. Add to Cart. WARNING for California Residents., There are other 35 caliber bullets designed to expand at the more sedate speeds the 35 Rem generates. Its a lot less expensive to switch projectiles than to rechamber. Also, as someone already pointed out, you selected the cartridge due to its light recoil. Punching it out to .358 Win is going to completely undue that., Core-Lokt® is the original controlled expansion bullet. Its time-proven performance has made it hunting's first choice for over 75 years. The tapered copper jacket is locked to a solid lead core delivering massive 2X expansion, weight retention and consistent on-game results. Available in soft point and pointed soft point versions, and in a ..., Mar 19, 2021 · If zeroed at 200 yards, their 160-grain FTX .30/30 Winchester load will drop 12 inches at 300 yards. On the other hand, the 200-grain LEVERevolution .35 Remington load will drop 17 inches with the ... , A straight wall cartridge 360 BHMR is a rimmed round designed for lever-action rifles. Buckhammer uses .358” diameter bullets, found in other cartridges like 35 Remington or 35 Whelen. Initial bullets offered in 360 Buckhammer include a 180-grain soft point Core-Lokt and a 200-grain soft point Core-Lokt. With muzzle velocities around …, Ballistically, the .350 Legend is comparable to the .35 Remington, an early 20th-century classic introduced in the Remington Model 8. ... Winchester lists the ballistics for this cartridge when applying a 100-yard zero. You should expect to hit -1.5 inches at 50 yards and dead on at 100. At 200 yards, the bullet drops -9.8 inches, which ..., .35 Remington (Leverevolution Data) reloading data with 6 loads. Using bullets from Speer FN, Hornady FTX, Hornady RN. Powders include Hodgdon, Some modern factory-loaded .35 Whelen ammo has slightly improved ballistics compared to the original loads from the 1920s. For instance, Hornady advertises a velocity of 2,910fps for their 200gr Superformance load. ... The Remington model 7600 in .35 whelen is the most versatile rifle an east coast hunter can own. Deer bear moose caribou don ..., The .35 Remington bullet has a balistic coefficient of 0.3 while .35 Whelen bullets have a ballistic coefficient of 0.282. Propellant Charge of .35 Remington and .35 Whelen cartridges Propellant charge is the charge of explosive used to propel a bullet from a gun., Hornady FTX® LEVERevolution® .35 Remington 200-Grain Rifle Ammunition. $44.99. $42.74. Your price after 5% discount when using your Academy Credit Card. Apply Now. Quantity: You must be 18 or older to purchase Rifle or Shotgun Ammunition and 21 or older to purchase Handgun Ammunition. , Core-Lokt® is the original controlled expansion bullet. Its time-proven performance has made it hunting's first choice for over 75 years. The tapered copper jacket is locked to a solid lead core delivering massive 2X expansion, weight retention and consistent on-game results. Available in soft point and pointed soft point versions, and in a ..., Nov 18, 2023 · The length of a .35 Remington cartridge is 49mm millimeters. The .30-30 Winchester cartridge is longer than the .35 Remington cartridge by 2.8 millimeters..30-30 Winchester vs. .35 Remington Ballistic Coefficient. Ballistic coefficients are used to determine an object’s ability to overcome air resistance mid-flight. , Mar 9, 2021 · The .35 Remington’s Maximum Average Pressure is a mild 33,500 p.s.i., and cases that have been partially sized and fired three times still easily fit in the chamber of the Model 141. Uniform ... , The diameter of a .35 Remington cartridge is 0.358 inches (9.0932 millimeters). The diameter of a .243 Winchester cartridge is 0.243 inches (6.1722 millimeters). The .35 Remington cartridge has a larger diameter than the .243 Winchester cartridge by 0.115 inches. The overall length of a cartridge determines how deep a bullet will sit in a case., .35 remington Rifle Ballistics Charts. To begin, start with selecting your caliber of ammunition. We'll display standard charts for a classic grid look, or select "Visualize" for an enhanced visualization of the data. Select Caliber: .35 remington., Height: 2.035". Width: 0.473". Average FPS: 2856. Average Energy: 2282. Average Gr: 126. Recoil: 1.73. Power Rank: 3.6 of 20. The .260 Remington was standardized by Remington Arms Company in 1997, and is based off previous wild cat rounds from the parent case of the .308 Winchester. The design was originally applied to be standardized by Arthur ..., The diameter of a .35 Remington cartridge is 0.358 inches (9.0932 millimeters). The diameter of a .243 Winchester cartridge is 0.243 inches (6.1722 millimeters). The .35 Remington cartridge has a larger diameter than the .243 Winchester cartridge by 0.115 inches. The overall length of a cartridge determines how deep a bullet will sit in a case., Feb 3, 2021 · Ballistics vs. .35 Rem. Ballistics Like most of our Caliber Battles , the choice here is between a lighter bullet going faster (the .30-30) and a heavier bullet going slower (the .35 Rem.). The original .30-30 load used a 160-grain bullet and topped out at 1,970 feet per second (fps) at the muzzle, according to Frank C. Barnes’ “Cartridges ...